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A class in C++ is a user-defined type or data structure declared with any of the keywords class, struct or union (the first two are collectively referred to as non-union classes) that has data and functions (also called member variables and member functions) as its members whose access is governed by the three access specifiers private, protected or public.
Data structure alignment is the way data is arranged and accessed in computer memory. It consists of three separate but related issues: data alignment , data structure padding , and packing . The CPU in modern computer hardware performs reads and writes to memory most efficiently when the data is naturally aligned , which generally means that ...
[26] [27] In C++, an abstract class is a class having at least one abstract method given by the appropriate syntax in that language (a pure virtual function in C++ parlance). [25] A class consisting of only pure virtual methods is called a pure abstract base class (or pure ABC) in C++ and is also known as an interface by users of the language. [13]
The rule of three (also known as the law of the big three or the big three) is a rule of thumb in C++ (prior to C++11) that claims that if a class defines any of the following then it should probably explicitly define all three: [1] destructor; copy constructor; copy assignment operator; These three functions are special member functions. If ...
One method for creating a persistent data structure is to use a platform provided ephemeral data structure such as an array to store the data in the data structure and copy the entirety of that data structure using copy-on-write semantics for any updates to the data structure. This is an inefficient technique because the entire backing data ...
A friend class in C++ can access the private and protected members of the class in which it is declared as a friend. [1] A significant use of a friend class is for a part of a data structure, represented by a class, to provide access to the main class representing that data structure.
In class-based programming, methods are defined within a class, and objects are instances of a given class. One of the most important capabilities that a method provides is method overriding - the same name (e.g., area ) can be used for multiple different kinds of classes.
Object composition refers to the logical or conceptual structure of the information, not the implementation or physical data structure used to represent it [citation needed]. For example, a sequence differs from a set because (among other things) the order of the composed items matters for the former but not the latter.