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About one in three people diagnosed with lung cancer have symptoms caused by metastases in sites other than the lungs. [7] Lung cancer can metastasize anywhere in the body, with different symptoms depending on the location. Brain metastases can cause headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and neurological deficits.
Metastasis is the most common cause of brain cancer, as primary tumors that originate in the brain are less common. [4] The most common sites of primary cancer which metastasize to the brain are lung, breast, colon, kidney, and skin cancer. Brain metastases can occur months or even years after the original or primary cancer is treated.
Secondary, or metastatic, brain tumors are about four times as common as primary brain tumors, [2] [10] with about half of metastases coming from lung cancer. [2] Primary brain tumors occur in around 250,000 people a year globally, and make up less than 2% of cancers. [3]
Metastasis occurrence indicates stage 4 cancer progression and carries a poor prognosis. [7] Cancer usually causes numerous and varying symptoms at this stage depending on the underlying cancer and metastasis location. [7] Importantly for diagnosis, a symptomatic primary lesion is localised through either surgery or radiation. [7]
In 2016, the FDA approved atezolizumab for the treatment of people with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose disease progressed during or following platinum-containing chemotherapy and pembrolizumab for the treatment of people with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors express programmed death-ligand 1 as ...
All treatments for CNS tumors have significant risks and side-effects. In cases where tumors are slow growing and do not cause symptoms, it may be preferable to closely watch the patient's condition without any treatment, until new test results or symptoms indicate that the patient's condition has worsened. [17]
Most patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer will receive a CT scan of the chest and abdomen to search for abnormality within the lungs and lymph nodes, as well as abnormal areas in more distal organs such as adrenal glands and liver that might arise from the metastasis of lung cancer. [15]
A case of a brain metastasis from a giant-cell lung carcinoma (both "pure") tested positive for cytokeratins AE1/AE3, and negative for CK-7, CK-20, TTF-1, and GFAP. [18] GCCL cells often stain intensely by Periodic acid-Schiff reagent, suggesting the presence of significant amounts of glycogen in the cell cytoplasm. [15]