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The stack frame usually includes at least the following items (in push order): the arguments (parameter values) passed to the routine (if any); the return address back to the routine's caller (e.g. in the DrawLine stack frame, an address into DrawSquare's code); and; space for the local variables of the routine (if any).
In figure C above, when an argument larger than 11 bytes is supplied on the command line foo() overwrites local stack data, the saved frame pointer, and most importantly, the return address. When foo() returns, it pops the return address off the stack and jumps to that address (i.e. starts executing instructions from that address).
In the prologue, push r4 to r11 to the stack, and push the return address in r14 to the stack (this can be done with a single STM instruction); Copy any passed arguments (in r0 to r3) to the local scratch registers (r4 to r11); Allocate other local variables to the remaining local scratch registers (r4 to r11);
this on stack low address. Return pointer on stack high address. Watcom: AX, DX, BX, CX: RTL (C) Callee Return pointer in SI. IA-32: cdecl: Unix-like : RTL (C) Caller When returning struct/class, the calling code allocates space and passes a pointer to this space via a hidden parameter on the stack. The called function writes the return value ...
At a minimum, a thread's stack is used to store the location of a return address provided by the caller in order to allow return statements to return to the correct location. The stack is often used to store variables of fixed length local to the currently active functions. Programmers may further choose to explicitly use the stack to store ...
Changing program behavior by overwriting a local variable located near the vulnerable buffer on the stack; By overwriting the return address in a stack frame to point to code selected by the attacker, usually called the shellcode. Once the function returns, execution will resume at the attacker's shellcode;
In simple languages like Forth that lack local variables and naming of parameters, stack frames would contain nothing more than return branch addresses and frame management overhead. So their return stack holds bare return addresses rather than frames. The return stack is separate from the data value stack, to improve the flow of call setup and ...
Each stack frame contains the private data of the corresponding call, which typically includes the procedure's parameters and internal variables, and the return address.