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The first wave of the club movement during the progressive era was started by white, middle-class, Protestant women, and a second phase was led by African-American women. [1] These clubs, most of which had started out as socialiterary gatherings, eventually became a source of reform for various issues in the U.S. Both African-American and white ...
The 2003 Maputo Protocol on women's rights in Africa set the continental standard for progressive expansion of women's rights. It guarantees comprehensive rights to women, including the right to participate in the political process, social and political equality with men, autonomy in their reproductive health decisions, and an end to female genital mutilation (FGM).
Smith said they wanted the name to mean something to African-American women and that "it was a way of talking about ourselves being on a continuum of Black struggle, of Black women's struggle". [82] The Combahee River Collective opposed the practice of lesbian separatism , considering that, in practice, separatists focused exclusively on sexist ...
Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved people within the boundaries of the present United States. [8] [9] While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African American, the majority of first-generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin.
African American women have historically worked in the labor force, leading Walker to define their struggles as different from the White woman's confinement to the home. Alice Walker's term considers the burden of both leading and providing financially for the family as part of the Black woman's struggle and defines their ties to a sense of ...
Phillis Wheatley (May 8, 1753 – December 5, 1784) was the first African-American poet and the first African-American woman to publish a book. Sojourner Truth (c. 1797 – November 26, 1883) was the self-given name, from 1843 onward, of Isabella Baumfree, an African American abolitionist and women's rights activist.
Margaret Garner as depicted in Harper's Weekly c.1867. Infanticide was an act of rebellion because it allowed enslaved women to prevent the enslavement of their children. . Due to partus sequitur ventrum, the principle that a child inherits the status of its mother, any child born to an enslaved woman would be born enslaved, part of the enslaver's property
But there were other mixed-race people who were born to unions or marriages in colonial Virginia between free white women and African or African-American men, free, indentured, or slave, and became ancestors to many free families of color in the early decades of the United States, as documented by Paul Heinegg in his Free African Americans of ...