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A cash flow loan is a type of debt financing, in which a bank lends funds, generally for working capital, using the expected cash flows that a borrowing company generates as collateral for the loan. Cashflow loans are usually senior term loans or subordinated debt , being used for funding growth or financing an acquisition.
A non-performing loan (NPL) is a bank loan that is subject to late repayment or is unlikely to be repaid by the borrower in full. Non-performing loans represent a major challenge for the banking sector, as they reduce profitability. [ 1 ]
Loans from credit unions may be referred to as bank loans as well. Business loans from credit unions received the second highest level of satisfaction from borrowers after loans from small banks. [3] Methods of business loan assessment, monitoring, risk management, and pricing affect the growth and performance of banks and other lenders.
The CDO is "sliced" into sections known as "tranches", which "catch" the cash flow of interest and principal payments in sequence based on seniority. [6] If some loans default and the cash collected by the CDO is insufficient to pay all of its investors, those in the lowest, most "junior" tranches suffer losses first. [7]
Distressed lending can be contrasted with asset backed lending in that ABL typically provides collateralized credit facilities to borrowers with high financial leverage and marginal cash flows. ABL's primary focus is on collateral and liquidity with leverage and cash flow being secondary considerations.
The willingness of governments to allow lenders to place debtor-in-possession financing claims ahead of an insolvent company's existing debt varies; US bankruptcy law expressly allows this [8] while French law had long treated the practice as soutien abusif, requiring employees and state interests be paid first even if the end result was liquidation instead of corporate restructuring.
Examples of static characteristics are industry for wholesale loans and origination "loan to value ratio" for retail loans. An unstressed PD is an estimate that the obligor will default over a particular time horizon considering the current macroeconomic as well as obligor specific information.
Bank lending may be categorised according to a large number of variables including the type of borrower, the purpose and the form of the loan facility. Where a bank makes a loan it will typically require a business plan and require security where it has credit concerns. A commitment letter may be produced during the negotiations for a loan.