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The Four Cardinal Principles (Chinese: 四项基本原则; pinyin: Sì-xiàng Jīběn Yuánzé) were stated by Deng Xiaoping in March 1979 at the CCP Theory Conference, during the early phase of Reform and Opening-up, and are the four issues for which debate was not allowed within the People's Republic of China.
The Four Cardinal Principles are also referred to as the fundamental principles of conduct, or four social bonds. They are derived from the Legalist text Guanzi, attributed to the Qi philosopher Guan Zhong, although it is unlikely he was the actual author. The Four Cardinal Principles can be understood as the following:
The cardinal virtues are four virtues of mind and character in classical philosophy. They are prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. They form a virtue theory of ethics. The term cardinal comes from the Latin cardo (hinge); [1] these four virtues are called "cardinal" because all other virtues fall under them and hinge upon them. [2]
The eight virtues of the Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues as enumerated by Chinese political philosopher Sun Yat-sen; The eight virtues of Bushidō defined by Nitobe Inazō; The Ashtavaranas, or eight virtues, of Lingayatism; The eight virtues of the role-playing video game Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar
The cat theory was revived after Deng Xiaoping became the paramount leader of China in December 1978, when he and his allies launched the "Reform and Opening" of China.[8] [12] [14] After the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989, the reform and opening program went into stagnation, and there were fears and concerns within the Chinese Communist Party that further reforms may turn China into a ...
Prudence is the application of universal principles to particular situations. [6] "Integral parts" of virtues, in Scholastic philosophy, are the elements that must be present for any complete or perfect act of the virtue. The following are the integral parts of prudence: memoria
By the Roman Empire, it became common to depict the cardinal virtues and other abstract ideals as female allegories. Thus, in the Library of Celsus in Ephesus , built in the 2nd century, there are four statues of female allegories, depicting wisdom (Sophia), knowledge ( Episteme ), intelligence ( Ennoia ) and valour/excellence ( Arete ).
Ren (Chinese: 仁, meaning "co-humanity" or "humaneness") is a Confucian virtue meaning the good quality of a virtuous human when reaching for higher ideals or when being altruistic.