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Mathematics. Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions. German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics." [1]
In his Essai sur la théorie des nombres (1798), Adrien-Marie Legendre derives a necessary and sufficient condition for a rational number to be a convergent of the simple continued fraction of a given real number. [4] A consequence of this criterion, often called Legendre's theorem within the study of continued fractions, is as follows: [5 ...
Noncommutative algebra. v. t. e. Transcendental number theory is a branch of number theory that investigates transcendental numbers (numbers that are not solutions of any polynomial equation with rational coefficients), in both qualitative and quantitative ways.
The full title of the English translation was Decimal arithmetic: Teaching how to perform all computations whatsoever by whole numbers without fractions, by the four principles of common arithmetic: namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The concepts referred to in the booklet included unit fractions and Egyptian fractions.
Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number. Salem number. Transcendental number. e (mathematical constant) pi, list of topics related to pi. Squaring the circle. Proof that e is irrational. Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem. Hilbert's seventh problem.
Algebraic number theory. Title page of the first edition of Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, one of the founding works of modern algebraic number theory. Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations.
Geometry of numbers. Geometry of numbers is the part of number theory which uses geometry for the study of algebraic numbers. Typically, a ring of algebraic integers is viewed as a lattice in and the study of these lattices provides fundamental information on algebraic numbers. [1] Hermann Minkowski (1896) initiated this line of research at the ...
Number Theory: An Approach Through History from Hammurapi to Legendre is a book on the history of number theory, written by André Weil and published in 1984. [1]The book reviews over three millennia of research on numbers but the key focus is on mathematicians from the 17th century to the 19th, in particular, on the works of the mathematicians Fermat, Euler, Lagrange, and Legendre paved the ...