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h f = head loss in meters (water) over the length of pipe; L = length of pipe in meters; Q = volumetric flow rate, m 3 /s (cubic meters per second) C = pipe roughness coefficient; d = inside pipe diameter, m (meters) Note: pressure drop can be computed from head loss as h f × the unit weight of water (e.g., 9810 N/m 3 at 4 deg C)
A Fixture Unit is not a flow rate unit but a design factor. A fixture unit is equal to 1 cubic foot (0.028 m 3) of water drained in a 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (32 mm) diameter pipe over one minute. [2] One cubic foot of water is roughly 7.48 US gallons (28.3 L; 6.23 imp gal). A Fixture Unit is used in plumbing design for both water supply and waste ...
For free flow, the equation to determine the flow rate is simply Q = CH a n where: Q is flowing rate (ft 3 /s) C is the free-flow coefficient for the flume (see Table 1 below) H a is the head at the primary point of measurement (ft) (See Figure 1 above) n varies with flume size (see Table 1 below) Parshall flume discharge table for free flow ...
Q is the rate of flow (expressed in US gallons per minute), SG is the specific gravity of the fluid (for water = 1), ΔP is the pressure drop across the valve (expressed in psi). In more practical terms, the flow coefficient C v is the volume (in US gallons) of water at 60 °F (16 °C) that will flow per minute through a valve with a pressure ...
The following table gives flow rate Q such that friction loss per unit length Δp / L (SI kg / m 2 / s 2) is 0.082, 0.245, and 0.816, respectively, for a variety of nominal duct sizes. The three values chosen for friction loss correspond to, in US units inch water column per 100 feet, 0.01, .03, and 0.1.
The flow rate can be converted to a mean flow velocity V by dividing by the wetted area of the flow (which equals the cross-sectional area of the pipe if the pipe is full of fluid). Pressure has dimensions of energy per unit volume, therefore the pressure drop between two points must be proportional to the dynamic pressure q.
Once the friction factors of the pipes are obtained (or calculated from pipe friction laws such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation), we can consider how to calculate the flow rates and head losses on the network. Generally the head losses (potential differences) at each node are neglected, and a solution is sought for the steady-state flows on the ...
References will be made to "actual" flow rate through a meter and "standard" or "base" flow rate through a meter with units such as acm/h (actual cubic meters per hour), sm 3 /sec (standard cubic meters per second), kscm/h (thousand standard cubic meters per hour), LFM (linear feet per minute), or MMSCFD (million standard cubic feet per day ...
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