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ICAO Meteorological Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) is a format for reporting weather information in XML/GML.IWXXM includes XML/GML-based representations for products standardized in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex III, such as METAR/SPECI, TAF, SIGMET, AIRMET, Tropical Cyclone Advisory (TCA), Volcanic Ash Advisory (VAA), [1] Space Weather Advisory and World Area ...
The following is an example METAR from Burgas Airport in Burgas, Bulgaria. It was taken on 4 February 2005 at 16:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). METAR LBBG 041600Z 12012MPS 090V150 1400 R04/P1500N R22/P1500U +SN BKN022 OVC050 M04/M07 Q1020 NOSIG 8849//91= METAR indicates that the following is a standard hourly observation.
Surface weather observations can include the following elements: The Station Identifier, or Location identifier, consists of four characters for METAR observations, [13] with the first representing the region of the world the station lies within. For example, the first letter for areas in and around the Pacific Ocean is P, and for Europe is E.
GRIB (GRIdded Binary or General Regularly-distributed Information in Binary form [1]) is a concise data format commonly used in meteorology to store historical and forecast weather data. It is standardized by the World Meteorological Organization 's Commission for Basic Systems, known under number GRIB FM 92-IX, described in WMO Manual on Codes ...
During system outages, human observers are often required to supplement missing or non-representative observations from the automated station. Research is also ongoing to produce more robust systems which are less vulnerable to natural damage, mechanical wear and icing.
WXXM 1.0 was introduced in 2007, representing METAR, SPECI, TAF, SIGMET and other ICAO information as specified in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex III. WXXM 1.1 [1] was released in 2010 with a number of additional products beyond ICAO Annex 3. WXXM 2.0 was released in 2014 as a major update.
SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting weather observations made by staffed and automated weather stations. SYNOP reports are typically sent every six hours by Deutscher Wetterdienst on shortwave and low frequency using RTTY .
BUFR was created in 1988 with the goal of replacing the WMO's dozens of character-based, position-driven meteorological codes, such as SYNOP (surface observations), TEMP (upper air soundings) and CLIMAT (monthly climatological data). BUFR was designed to be portable, compact, and universal.