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Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered "real".
Idealism (or utopianism) was viewed critically by those who saw themselves as "realists", for instance E. H. Carr. [20] In international relations, idealism (also called "Wilsonianism" because of its association with Woodrow Wilson) holds that a state should make its internal political philosophy the goal of its foreign policy. For example, an ...
Within German idealism, objective idealism identifies with the philosophy of Friedrich Schelling. [4] According to Schelling, the rational or spiritual elements of reality are supposed to give conceptual structure to reality and ultimately constitute reality, to the point that nature and mind, matter and concept, are essentially identical: their distinction is merely psychological and depends ...
The Theory of Forms or Theory of Ideas, [1] [2] [3] also known as Platonic idealism or Platonic realism, is a philosophical theory widely credited to the Classical Greek philosopher Plato. A major concept in metaphysics , the theory suggests that the physical world is not as real or true as Forms.
American president Woodrow Wilson is widely considered one of the codifying figures of idealism in the foreign policy context.. Since the 1880s, there has been growing study of the major writers of this idealist tradition of thought in international relations, including Sir Alfred Zimmern, [2] Norman Angell, John Maynard Keynes, [3] John A. Hobson, Leonard Woolf, Gilbert Murray, Florence ...
The "First Great Debate" also known as the "Realist-Idealist Great Debate" [3] was a dispute between idealists and realists which took place in the 1920s and 1930s [4] and which was fundamentally about how to deal with Nazi Germany. [5] Realist scholars emphasized the anarchical nature of international politics and the need for state survival.
Direct realism, also known as naïve realism, argues we perceive the world directly. In the philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind, direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, are differing models that describe the nature of conscious experiences; [1] [2] out of the metaphysical question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself ...
Unlike idealism or liberalism, realism underscores the competitive and conflictual nature of global politics. In contrast to liberalism, which champions cooperation , realism asserts that the dynamics of the international arena revolve around states actively advancing national interests and prioritizing security.