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The flight zone is determined by the animal's flight distance, sometimes called [3] flight initiation distance (FID) [4] which extends horizontally from the animal and sometimes vertically. It may also be termed [ citation needed ] escape distance , alert distance , flush distance, and escape flight distance.
Critical distance for an animal is the distance a human or an aggressor animal has to approach in order to trigger a defensive attack of the first animal.. The concept was introduced by Swiss zoologist Heini Hediger in 1954, along with other space boundaries for an animal, such as flight distance (run boundary), critical distance (attack boundary), personal space (distance separating members ...
Animal navigation is the ability of many animals to find their way accurately without maps or instruments. Birds such as the Arctic tern, insects such as the monarch butterfly and fish such as the salmon regularly migrate thousands of miles to and from their breeding grounds, [1] and many other species navigate effectively over shorter distances.
A flight zone can be circumstantial, because a threat can vary in size (individually or in group number). Overall, this distance is the measure of an animal's willingness to take on risks. This differentiates a flight zone from personal distance an animal prefers and social distance (how close other species are willing to be). [32]
Hediger described a number of standard interaction distances used in one form or another between animals. Two of these are flight distance and critical distance, used when animals of different species meet, whereas others are personal distance and social distance, observed during interactions between members of the same species. [1]
“This will set the tyranny of distance as a thing of the past. ... longest nonstop commercial flight, which run between Singapore and JFK in New York and take between 18 and 19 hours. Qantas ...
The minimum distance d is the distance along a great circle that runs through s and t. It is calculated in a plane that contains the sphere center and the great circle, , =, where θ is the angular distance of two points viewed from the center of the sphere, measured in radians.
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