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The Romani people are known by a variety of names, mostly as Gypsies, Roma, Tsinganoi, Bohémiens, and various linguistic variations of these names. There are also numerous subgroups and clans with their own self-designations, such as the Sinti, Kalderash, Boyash, Manouche, Lovari, Lăutari, Machvaya, Romanichal, Romanisael, Kale, Kaale, Xoraxai and Romungro.
The most common survival strategy was to present as Christian pilgrims to seek the protection of a noble. The way of life was nomadic and dedicated to divination and performance (spectacle). In 1492, the Roma auxiliaries helped the army of the Kingdom of Castile and León in the Reconquista in Granada ending the reign of Muslims in Spain. [28]
Most Romani Americans live in the United States's biggest cities, where the greatest economic opportunities exist. Romani Americans practice many different religions, usually based on the version of Christianity common in their country of origin, but fundamentalist Christian denominations have been growing in popularity among them.
Over the last few generations, the common generic term Gypsies (derived from an old folk belief that the Romani originated in Egypt) is sometimes seen as pejorative. [ 3 ] The most common overarching modern terms in English for non-Romani travelling groups in Scotland Scottish Travellers or Travelling Folk , though various specific groups have ...
In fact, they are one of the most traditional Romani groups. An exception to this is that the most common surnames among the Polska Roma are typically Polish (e.g., Kwiatkowski or Majewski), or occasionally Polonized German names (e.g., Wajs or Szwarc) and Polonized Lithuanian names (e.g., Markiewicz or Karolowicz). The Polska Roma have ...
Several surnames have multiple spellings; this is sometimes due to unrelated families bearing the same surname. A single surname in either language may have multiple translations in the other. In some English translations of the names, the M(a)c- prefix may be omitted in the English, e.g. Bain vs MacBain, Cowan vs MacCowan, Ritchie vs MacRitchie.
This article contains lists of the most common surnames in most of the countries of Europe, including Armenia, Kosovo, and five transcontinental countries but excluding five European microstates. Countries are arranged in alphabetical order .
The most common paternal haplogroup among Roma is the South Asian Y-chromosome H, most commonly found among Dravidian peoples. [ 194 ] A full genome autosomal DNA study on 186 Roma samples from Europe in 2019 found that modern Romani people are characterized by a common south Asian origin and a complex admixture from Balkan , Middle East, and ...