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Typical milk fever posture; cow in sternal recumbency with its head tucked into its flank. Milk fever, postparturient hypocalcemia, or parturient paresis is a disease, primarily in dairy cattle [1] but also seen in beef cattle and non-bovine domesticated animals, [2] characterized by reduced blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia).
In a healthy physiology, extracellular calcium levels are maintained within a tight range through the actions of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and the calcium sensing receptor. [1] Disorders in calcium metabolism can lead to hypocalcemia, decreased plasma levels of calcium or hypercalcemia, elevated plasma calcium levels.
Initial treatment for severe disease is with intravenous calcium chloride and possibly magnesium sulfate. [1] Other treatments may include vitamin D, magnesium, and calcium supplements. [2] If due to hypoparathyroidism, hydrochlorothiazide, phosphate binders, and a low salt diet may also be recommended. [2]
Zinc deficiency: Common symptoms include increased rates of diarrhea. Zinc deficiency affects the skin and gastrointestinal tract; brain and central nervous system, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems. Zinc deficiency in humans is caused by reduced dietary intake, inadequate absorption, increased loss, or increased body system use.
In dairy breeds, the disease may occur in calves between birth and 4 months of age. [12] In rustic breeds or beef cattle, heifers and young steers up to 12 months of age can be affected. In calves, muscles in upper portion of the front legs and the hind legs are degraded, causing the animal to have a stiff gait and it may have difficulty standing.
Calcium regulation in the human body. [27] The plasma ionized calcium concentration is regulated within narrow limits (1.3–1.5 mmol/L). This is achieved by both the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, and the parathyroid glands constantly sensing (i.e. measuring) the concentration of calcium ions in the blood flowing through them.
The predominant symptoms of hypercalcemia are abdominal pain, constipation, extreme thirst, excessive urination, kidney stones, nausea and vomiting. [3] [14] In severe cases where the calcium concentration is >14 mg/dL, individuals may experience confusion, altered mental status, coma, and seizure. [3] [14]
Calcification of soft tissue (arteries, cartilage, heart valves, [1] [2] etc.) can be caused by vitamin K 2 deficiency or by poor calcium absorption due to a high calcium/vitamin D ratio. This can occur with or without a mineral imbalance. A common misconception is that calcification is caused by excess amount of calcium in diet. Dietary ...