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On a single-step or immediate-execution calculator, the user presses a key for each operation, calculating all the intermediate results, before the final value is shown. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] On an expression or formula calculator , one types in an expression and then presses a key, such as "=" or "Enter", to evaluate the expression.
The V.P.A.M. brand was first used in 1994 when the fx-991S and other scientific calculators from the "S" series were released in Japan. In 1998, the Casio fx-991W model used a two-tier (multi-line) display and the system was termed as S-V.P.A.M. (Super V.P.A.M.).
Another major change in the keyboard layout is the removal of function keys and their replacement with the directional keys for accessing the menu system. The calculator also adopts the same menu based layout as the Classwiz scientific calculators. [12] [13]
It was introduced in 1973 [1] with an MSRP of US$395 [2] (equivalent to $2,711 in 2023). [3] Especially noteworthy was its pioneering addition of a shift key that gave other keys alternate functions. The calculator was code-named Wizard, [4] which is the first known use of a code name for a calculator.
The arrangement of digits on calculator and other numeric keypads with the 7-8-9 keys two rows above the 1-2-3 keys is derived from calculators and cash registers. It is notably different from the layout of telephone Touch-Tone keypads which have the 1-2-3 keys on top and 7-8-9 keys on the third row.
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Earlier calculators needed a key, or key combination, for every available function. The HP-67 had three shift keys (gold "f", blue "g" and black "h" prefix keys); the competing Texas Instruments calculators had two (2nd and INV) and close to 50 keys (the TI-59 had 45). Hewlett-Packard were constrained by their one byte only instruction format.
TI-55 II Calculator, the second variant, with an LCD display. The TI-55 is a programmable calculator first manufactured by Texas Instruments in 1977. It has an LED display, [1] and weighs 6.4 ounces (180 grams). It is programmable to hold up to 32 key-codes that allow the user to repeat simple calculations with different values. [2]