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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization in which an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, then removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from her ovaries and enabling a man's sperm to fertilise them in a culture medium in a laboratory.
Human embryonic development covers the first eight weeks of development, which have 23 stages, called Carnegie stages. At the beginning of the ninth week, the embryo is termed a fetus (spelled "foetus" in British English). In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a more complete set of developing organs.
Human fertilization is the union of an egg and sperm, occurring primarily in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. [1] The result of this union leads to the production of a fertilized egg called a zygote, initiating embryonic development. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the 19th century. [2]
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI / ˈ ɪ k s i / IK-see) is an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg. This technique is used in order to prepare the gametes for the obtention of embryos that may be
"Severe abdominal complications after transvaginal ultrasonographically guided retrieval of oocytes for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer". Fertility and Sterility. 59 (6): 1313– 1315. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55997-4. PMID 8495784. Tsen, LC (2002). "From Darwin to desflurane: anesthesia for assisted reproductive technologies" (PDF).
The zona pellucida is a translucent matrix of cross-linked glycoprotein filaments that surrounds the mammalian oocyte and is 6.5–20 μm thick depending on the species. Its formation, which depends on a conserved zona pellucida-like (ZP) module that mediates the polymerization of egg coat components, [2] is critical to successful fertilization. [3]
Embryo transfer: the strongest and genetically correct embryos are selected and the decided number will be transferred to the gestational carrier. [ 10 ] Pregnancy test: after two weeks, a period known as the two-week wait it can be determined if the embryos had been properly implanted and will result in a pregnancy.
Insemination is the introduction of sperm (in semen) into a female or hermaphrodite's reproductive system in order to fertilize the ovum through sexual reproduction. [1] [2] The sperm enters into the uterus of a mammal or the oviduct of an oviparous (egg-laying) animal.