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Atrophy of any tissue means a decrement in the size of the cell, which can be due to progressive loss of cytoplasmic proteins. In brain tissue, atrophy describes a loss of neurons and the connections between them. Brain atrophy can be classified into two main categories: generalized and focal atrophy. [2]
Damage to the auditory cortex in humans leads to a loss of any awareness of sound, but an ability to react reflexively to sounds remains as there is a great deal of subcortical processing in the auditory brainstem and midbrain. [13] [14] [15] Neurons in the auditory cortex are organized according to the frequency of sound to which they respond ...
An increase in impulsivity, risk taking or both is often seen in individuals following frontal lobe damage.The two related terms differ in that impulsivity is a response disinhibition, while risk taking is related to the reward-based aspects of decision-making. [7]
The ascending auditory pathways are damaged, causing a loss of perception of sound. Inner ear functions, however, remains intact. Cortical deafness is most often caused by stroke, but can also result from brain injury or birth defects. [4] [5] More specifically, a common cause is bilateral embolic stroke to the area of Heschl's gyri. [6]
In cingulate or subfalcine herniation, the most common type, the innermost part of the frontal lobe is scraped under part of the falx cerebri, the dura mater at the top of the head between the two hemispheres of the brain. [8] [13] Cingulate herniation can be caused when one hemisphere swells and pushes the cingulate gyrus by the falx cerebri. [7]
Pneumocephalus is the presence of air or gas within the cranial cavity.It is usually associated with disruption of the skull: after head and facial trauma, tumors of the skull base, after neurosurgery or otorhinolaryngology, and rarely, spontaneously.
Cerebral contusion (Latin: contusio cerebri), a form of traumatic brain injury, is a bruise of the brain tissue. [2] Like bruises in other tissues, cerebral contusion can be associated with multiple microhemorrhages, small blood vessel leaks into brain tissue.
Aphonia is defined as the inability to produce voiced sound. [1] This may result from damage, such as surgery (e.g., thyroidectomy) or a tumor., [2] or can be a result of psychological means. Aphonia means "no sound.” In other words, a person with this disorder has lost their voice and is unable to communicate vocally. [3]