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In computing, redirection is a form of interprocess communication, and is a function common to most command-line interpreters, including the various Unix shells that can redirect standard streams to user-specified locations. The concept of redirection is quite old, dating back to the earliest operating systems (OS).
Unix shells use dup2 for input/output redirection. Along with pipe(), it is a tool on which Unix pipes rely. The following example uses pipe() and dup() in order to connect two separate processes (program1 and program2) using Unix pipes:
Process substitution can also be used to capture output that would normally go to a file, and redirect it to the input of a process. The Bash syntax for writing to a process is >(command). Here is an example using the tee, wc and gzip commands that counts the lines in a file with wc -l and compresses it with gzip in one pass:
Rsh originated as part of the BSD Unix operating system, along with rcp, as part of the rlogin package on 4.2BSD in 1983. rsh has since been ported to other operating systems. The rsh command has the same name as another common UNIX utility, the restricted shell , which first appeared in PWB/UNIX ; in System V Release 4 , the restricted shell ...
An important aspect of this, setting Unix pipes apart from other pipe implementations, is the concept of buffering: for example a sending program may produce 5000 bytes per second, and a receiving program may only be able to accept 100 bytes per second, but no data is lost. Instead, the output of the sending program is held in the buffer.
The Thompson shell was the first Unix shell, introduced in the first version of Unix in 1971, and was written by Ken Thompson. [1] It was a simple command interpreter, not designed for scripting, but nonetheless introduced several innovative features to the command-line interface and led to the development of the later Unix shells.
The book starts off with an introduction to Unix for beginners. Next, it goes into the basics of the file system and shell.The reader is led through topics ranging from the use of filters, to how to use C for programming robust Unix applications, and the basics of grep, sed, make, and AWK.
In this case the usual shell syntax is used for the word (“here string syntax”), with the only syntax being the redirection: a here string is an ordinary string used for input redirection, not a special kind of string. A single word need not be quoted: $