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He was Jewish. He migrated to the United States in 1883. He attended the New York City public schools and then graduated from the City College of New York in 1899. In 1906, he earned a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Erlangen in Germany. In 1914, he married Belle Lindner Israels (1877–1933).
The NAACP was founded on February 12, 1909, by a larger group including African Americans W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Archibald Grimké, Mary Church Terrell, and the previously named whites Henry Moskowitz, Mary White Ovington, William English Walling (the wealthy Socialist son of a former slave-holding family), [26] [27] Florence Kelley, a ...
Northern Jews played a major role in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in its early decades. Northern Jews involved in the NAACP included Joel Elias Spingarn (the first chairman), Arthur B. Spingarn, and founder Henry Moskowitz. More recently, Jack Greenberg was a leader in the organization. [19]
Jewish individuals played a role in the formation and early leadership of the NAACP. Joel Elias Spingarn — a prominent Jewish scholar, educator, and civil rights advocate — served as the organization's chairman from 1913 to 1919, [32] where he shaped the organization's strategies and contributed to its future growth, according to the NAACP.
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Juanita Jackson, a Baltimore NAACP activist, lobbied hard for the formation of a new youth program, and in 1935, the NAACP Board voted to establish a new youth division, formed in 1936 as the Youth and College Division, and helmed by Jackson. From 1935 to 1938, Jackson also worked as special assistant to White, stating that White had asked her ...
The event, as captured by Toldson’s retelling of his personal experiences and family history, also brought into focus a top priority for the Ohio NAACP in 2024: education.
In 1960, 42 percent of American schools included Bible reading. [148] In 1962, the ACLU published a policy statement condemning in-school prayers, observation of religious holidays, and Bible reading. [148] The Supreme Court concurred with the ACLU's position when it prohibited New York's in-school prayers in the 1962 Engel v. Vitale decision ...