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  2. Rational number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_number

    In mathematics, "rational" is often used as a noun abbreviating "rational number". The adjective rational sometimes means that the coefficients are rational numbers. For example, a rational point is a point with rational coordinates (i.e., a point whose coordinates are rational numbers); a rational matrix is a matrix of rational numbers; a rational polynomial may be a polynomial with rational ...

  3. Cantor's isomorphism theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor's_isomorphism_theorem

    The rational numbers in the open unit interval are an example. Another example is the set of dyadic rational numbers, the numbers that can be expressed as a fraction with an integer numerator and a power of two as the denominator. By Cantor's isomorphism theorem, the dyadic rational numbers are order-isomorphic to the whole set of rational numbers.

  4. Additive inverse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_inverse

    In a vector space, the additive inverse −v (often called the opposite vector of v) has the same magnitude as v and but the opposite direction. [11] In modular arithmetic, the modular additive inverse of x is the number a such that a + x ≡ 0 (mod n) and always exists. For example, the inverse of 3 modulo 11 is 8, as 3 + 8 ≡ 0 (mod 11).

  5. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    Ptolemy's theorem states that the sum of the products of the lengths of opposite sides is equal to the product of the lengths of the diagonals. When those side-lengths are expressed in terms of the sin and cos values shown in the figure above, this yields the angle sum trigonometric identity for sine: sin( α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin ...

  6. Rational function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_function

    In mathematics, a rational function is any function that can be defined by a rational fraction, which is an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. The coefficients of the polynomials need not be rational numbers ; they may be taken in any field K .

  7. List of types of numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_numbers

    Such a number is algebraic and can be expressed as the sum of a rational number and the square root of a rational number. Constructible number: A number representing a length that can be constructed using a compass and straightedge. Constructible numbers form a subfield of the field of algebraic numbers, and include the quadratic surds.

  8. Transcendental number theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_number_theory

    ω(x, 1) is often called the measure of irrationality of a real number x. For rational numbers, ω(x, 1) = 0 and is at least 1 for irrational real numbers. A Liouville number is defined to have infinite measure of irrationality. Roth's theorem says that irrational real algebraic numbers have measure of irrationality 1.

  9. Chebyshev rational functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_rational_functions

    Plot of the absolute value of the seventh-order (n = 7) Chebyshev rational function for 0.01 ≤ x ≤ 100. Note that there are n zeroes arranged symmetrically about x = 1 and if x 0 is a zero, then ⁠ 1 / x 0 ⁠ is a zero as well. The maximum value between the zeros is unity. These properties hold for all orders. Defining:

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