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  2. Alternative facts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_facts

    Spicer at the press briefing "Alternative facts" was a phrase used by U.S. Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway during a Meet the Press interview on January 22, 2017, in which she defended White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer's false statement about the attendance numbers at Donald Trump's first inauguration as President of the United States.

  3. Counterfactual thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_thinking

    Counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened.

  4. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many types of memory bias, including:

  5. Psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

    Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. [1] [2] Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social ...

  6. Confirmation bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias

    It is also possible that people can only focus on one thought at a time, so find it difficult to test alternative hypotheses in parallel. [ 3 ] : 198–199 Another heuristic is the positive test strategy identified by Klayman and Ha, in which people test a hypothesis by examining cases where they expect a property or event to occur.

  7. Critical thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking

    Critical thinking is the process of analyzing available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to make sound conclusions or informed choices. It involves recognizing underlying assumptions, providing justifications for ideas and actions, evaluating these justifications through comparisons with varying perspectives, and assessing their rationality and potential consequences. [1]

  8. Attribute substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribute_substitution

    Attribute substitution is a psychological process thought to underlie a number of cognitive biases and perceptual illusions.It occurs when an individual has to make a judgment (of a target attribute) that is computationally complex, and instead substitutes a more easily calculated heuristic attribute. [1]

  9. Illusory truth effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_truth_effect

    Published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology; the study suggested that the effect can influence participants who actually knew the correct answer to begin with, but who were swayed to believe otherwise through the repetition of a falsehood. For example, when participants encountered on multiple occasions the statement "A sari is the name ...