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In childhood, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients can expect a 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate of 70% and an overall survival (OS) rate of 80%. [1] Among the approximately 25% of children who relapse, survival rates drop to 30-50%, with patients generally showing a much poorer prognosis. [1]
Central nervous system (CNS) symptoms such as cranial neuropathies due to meningeal infiltration are identified in less than 10% of adults and less than 5% of children, particularly mature B-cell ALL (Burkitt leukemia) at presentation. [20] The signs and symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are variable and include: [21]
As the name suggests, T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia is characterized by involvement of cytotoxic-T cells). [2] In a study based in the US, the average age of diagnosis was 66.5 years [3] whereas in a French study the median age at diagnosis was 59 years (with an age range of 12–87 years old). [4]
Acute leukemia or acute leukaemia is a family of serious medical conditions relating to an original diagnosis of leukemia. In most cases, these can be classified according to the lineage, myeloid or lymphoid , of the malignant cells that grow uncontrolled, but some are mixed and for those such an assignment is not possible.
Older than 50 [3] Risk factors: Family history, tobacco use, Agent Orange, certain insecticides [2] [4] Diagnostic method: Blood tests [5] Differential diagnosis: Mononucleosis, hairy cell leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, persistent polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis [5] Treatment: Watchful waiting, chemotherapy, immunotherapy [4] [5] Prognosis
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a very rare and aggressive leukemia affecting adults; somewhat more men than women are diagnosed with this disease. [24] Despite its overall rarity, it is the most common type of mature T cell leukemia; [ 25 ] nearly all other leukemias involve B cells .
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The FAB criteria for diagnosis are as follows: [21] Monocyte count >1x10 9 /L; 0–19% blasts in bone marrow <5% blasts in peripheral blood; The FAB also arbitrarily categorises CMML into myelodysplastic-like and myeloproliferative-like groups. A white blood count of 13x10 9 is used as a cut-off to differentiate the two. [12]