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A related measure is the base-2 logarithm of the number of guesses needed to find the password with certainty, which is commonly referred to as the "bits of entropy". [9] A password with 42 bits of entropy would be as strong as a string of 42 bits chosen randomly, for example by a fair coin toss.
The above calculations of the Diceware algorithm's entropy assume that, as recommended by Diceware's author, each word is separated by a space. If, instead, words are simply concatenated, the calculated entropy is slightly reduced due to redundancy; for example, the three-word Diceware phrases "in put clammy" and "input clam my" become ...
The Password Authenticated Key Exchange by Juggling (or J-PAKE) is a password-authenticated key agreement protocol, proposed by Feng Hao and Peter Ryan. [1] This protocol allows two parties to establish private and authenticated communication solely based on their shared (low-entropy) password without requiring a Public Key Infrastructure .
PBKDF2 is for generating an encryption key from a password, and not necessarily for password authentication. PBKDF2 can be used for both if the number of output bits is less than or equal to the internal hashing algorithm used in PBKDF2, which is usually SHA-2 (up to 512 bits), or used as an encryption key to encrypt static data.
Formally, a message authentication code (MAC) system is a triple of efficient [4] algorithms (G, S, V) satisfying: G (key-generator) gives the key k on input 1 n, where n is the security parameter. S (signing) outputs a tag t on the key k and the input string x. V (verifying) outputs accepted or rejected on inputs: the key k, the string x and ...
For example, the characters in five-letter words each contain 2.3 bits of entropy, which would mean only a 35-character passphrase is necessary to achieve 80 bit strength. [ 5 ] If the words or components of a passphrase may be found in a language dictionary—especially one available as electronic input to a software program—the passphrase ...
Software entropy describes a tendency for repairs and modifications to a software system to cause it to gradually lose structure or increase in complexity. [11] Manny Lehman used the term entropy in 1974 to describe the complexity of a software system, and to draw an analogy to the second law of thermodynamics .
Argon2 is a key derivation function that was selected as the winner of the 2015 Password Hashing Competition. [1] [2] It was designed by Alex Biryukov, Daniel Dinu, and Dmitry Khovratovich from the University of Luxembourg. [3]