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This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
Acetophenone is formed as a byproduct of the cumene process, the industrial route for the synthesis of phenol and acetone.In the Hock rearrangement of isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, migration of a methyl group rather than the phenyl group gives acetophenone and methanol as a result of an alternate rearrangement of the intermediate:
Toilet bowl cleaning often is aimed at removal of calcium carbonate deposits, which are attacked by acids. Powdered cleaners contain acids that come in the form of solid salts, such as sodium hydrogen sulfate. Liquid toilet bowl cleaners contain other acids, typically dilute hydrochloric, phosphoric, or formic acids. These convert the calcium ...
This is followed by a step in which the phenyl group migrates from the benzyl carbon to the adjacent oxygen and a water molecule is lost, producing a resonance stabilized tertiary carbocation. The concerted mechanism of this step is similar to the mechanisms of the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation [ 6 ] and Criegee rearrangement reactions, and also ...
Chemical formula. C 8 H 7 Br O: Molar mass: 199.047 g·mol −1 Appearance ... It is prepared by bromination of acetophenone: [2] C 6 H 5 C(O)CH 3 + Br 2 → C 6 H 5 ...
In the laboratory, this compound may be prepared by treating sodium cyanide with acetone, followed by acidification: [3]. Considering the high toxicity of acetone cyanohydrin, a lab scale production has been developed using a microreactor-scale flow chemistry [4] to avoid needing to manufacture and store large quantities of the reagent.
The initial product is a thioamide for example that of acetophenone [7] which can again be hydrolyzed to the amide. The reaction is named after Karl Kindler The Kindler modification of the Willgerodt rearrangement. A possible reaction mechanism for the Kindler variation is depicted below: [8]