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If a geometric shape can be used as a prototile to create a tessellation, the shape is said to tessellate or to tile the plane. The Conway criterion is a sufficient, but not necessary, set of rules for deciding whether a given shape tiles the plane periodically without reflections: some tiles fail the criterion, but still tile the plane. [19]
In plane geometry, the einstein problem asks about the existence of a single prototile that by itself forms an aperiodic set of prototiles; that is, a shape that can tessellate space but only in a nonperiodic way. Such a shape is called an einstein, a word play on ein Stein, German for "one stone". [2]
Dual semi-regular Article Face configuration Schläfli symbol Image Apeirogonal deltohedron: V3 3.∞ : dsr{2,∞} Apeirogonal bipyramid: V4 2.∞ : dt{2,∞} Cairo pentagonal tiling
Regular tetrahedra alone do not tessellate (fill space), but if alternated with regular octahedra in the ratio of two tetrahedra to one octahedron, they form the alternated cubic honeycomb, which is a tessellation. Some tetrahedra that are not regular, including the Schläfli orthoscheme and the Hill tetrahedron, can tessellate.
Therefore, the second problem is that this nomenclature is not unique for each tessellation. In order to solve those problems, GomJau-Hogg’s notation [ 3 ] is a slightly modified version of the research and notation presented in 2012, [ 2 ] about the generation and nomenclature of tessellations and double-layer grids.
In tiling or tessellation problems, there are to be no gaps, nor overlaps. Many of the puzzles of this type involve packing rectangles or polyominoes into a larger rectangle or other square-like shape. There are significant theorems on tiling rectangles (and cuboids) in rectangles (cuboids) with no gaps or overlaps:
In geometry, many uniform tilings on sphere, euclidean plane, and hyperbolic plane can be made by Wythoff construction within a fundamental triangle, (p q r), defined by internal angles as π/p, π/q, and π/r.
The T-puzzle, a T shape can be assembled with the four pieces on the left. The T puzzle is a tiling puzzle consisting of four polygonal shapes which can be put together to form a capital T. The four pieces are usually one isosceles right triangle , two right trapezoids and an irregular shaped pentagon .