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The rate of reinforcement for fixed-ratio schedules is easy to calculate, as reinforcement rate is directly proportional to response rate and inversely proportional to ratio requirement (Killeen, 1994). The schedule feedback function is therefore: =.
In the adaptive control literature, the learning rate is commonly referred to as gain. [2] In setting a learning rate, there is a trade-off between the rate of convergence and overshooting. While the descent direction is usually determined from the gradient of the loss function, the learning rate determines how big a step is taken in that ...
If R 1 and R 2 are the rate of responses on two schedules that yield obtained (as distinct from programmed) rates of reinforcement Rf 1 and Rf 2, the strict matching law holds that the relative response rate R 1 / (R 1 + R 2) matches, that is, equals, the relative reinforcement rate Rf 1 / (Rf 1 + Rf 2).
The table below shows computed reinforcement ratios for 10 stress tensors. The applied reinforcement yield stress is f y {\displaystyle f_{y}} = 500 N/mm². The mass density of the reinforcing bars is 7800 kg/m 3 .
Traditionally, the wear of materials has been characterized by weight loss and wear rate. However, studies have found that wear coefficient is more suitable. The reason being that it takes the wear rate, the applied load, and the hardness of the wear pin into account. Although, measurement variations by an order of 10-1 have been observed, the ...
It is also known as the strength-to-weight ratio or strength/weight ratio or strength-to-mass ratio. In fiber or textile applications, tenacity is the usual measure of specific strength. The SI unit for specific strength is Pa ⋅ m 3 / kg , or N ⋅m/kg, which is dimensionally equivalent to m 2 /s 2 , though the latter form is rarely used.
Using the factor rate provided by the lender, you can quickly calculate the cost of the borrowed funds. For example, if you borrowed $100,000 with a factor rate of 1.5, multiply those two figures ...
Ackermann's formula provides a direct way to calculate the necessary adjustments—specifically, the feedback gains—needed to move the system's poles to the target locations. This method, developed by Jürgen Ackermann , [ 2 ] is particularly useful for systems that don't change over time ( time-invariant systems ), allowing engineers to ...