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The mechanism by which exhaust emissions are controlled depends on the method of injection and the point at which air enters the exhaust system, and has varied during the course of the development of the technology. The first systems injected air very close to the engine, either in the cylinder head's exhaust ports or in the exhaust manifold.
All modern cars are now equipped with catalytic converters to further reduce vehicle emissions. Leading up to the 1981 model year in the United States, passenger vehicle manufactures were faced with the challenges in its history of meeting new emissions regulations, how to meet the much more restrictive requirements of the Clean Air Act (United ...
Catalytic converters have proven to be reliable and effective in reducing noxious tailpipe emissions. However, they also have some shortcomings in use, and also adverse environmental effects in production: An engine equipped with a three-way catalyst must run at the stoichiometric point, which means more fuel is consumed than in a lean-burn engine.
As the study notes, “Comparing real-world tailpipe particulate mass emissions to tire wear emissions, both in ‘normal’ driving, the latter is actually around 1,850 times greater than the ...
EGR has nothing to do with oil vapor re-routing from a positive crankcase ventilation system (PCV) system, as the latter is only there to reduce oil vapor emissions, and can be present on engines with or without any EGR system. However, the tripartite mixture resulting from employing both EGR and PCV in an engine (i.e. exhaust gas, fresh air ...
WASHINGTON (Reuters) -U.S. President Joe Biden's administration is set to ease proposed yearly requirements through 2030 of its sweeping plan to aggressively cut tailpipe emissions and ramp up ...
The changes come as sales of zero-tailpipe emissions electric vehicles, which are needed to meet the standards, have begun to slow. ... “EPA’s clean car standards will put the pedal to the ...
Electric cars also have impacts arising from the manufacturing of the vehicle. [43] [44] Electric cars can utilize two types of motors: permanent magnet motors (like the one found in the Mercedes EQA), and induction motors (like the one found on the Tesla Model 3). Induction motors do not use magnets, but permanent magnet motors do.