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Use 20% aqueous solution of ferric chloride, it is necessary to immerse the objects in solution, dry and wax or varnish. [32] Gray-black for zinc. Use 20% aqueous solution of ferric chloride, the objects are immersed for 20 minutes, after the appearance of colour, objects should be washed, dried and waxed or varnished. [32] Black for aluminum
Tannic acid chemically converts the reddish iron oxides into bluish-black ferric tannate, a more stable material. [2] The second active ingredient is an organic solvent such as 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, trade name butyl cellosolve) that acts as a wetting agent and provides a protective primer layer in conjunction with an ...
In printed circuit boards (PCBs), the use of black oxide provides better adhesion for the fiberglass laminate layers. [9] The PCB is dipped in a bath containing hydroxide, hypochlorite, and cuprate, which becomes depleted in all three components. This indicates that the black copper oxide comes partially from the cuprate and partially from the ...
Anodizing increases resistance to corrosion and wear, and provides better adhesion for paint primers and glues than bare metal does. Anodic films can also be used for several cosmetic effects, either with thick porous coatings that can absorb dyes or with thin transparent coatings that add reflected light wave interference effects.
Regular Home Depot shoppers know all too well just how easy it is to walk inside the home improvement store and spend hundreds, if not thousands, of dollars during a shopping trip. Beyond ...
Electrophoretic Deposition Process. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD), is a term for a broad range of industrial processes which includes electrocoating, cathodic electrodeposition, anodic electrodeposition, and electrophoretic coating, or electrophoretic painting.
Black nickel plating was developed around 1905, and between the two wars, black chrome plating (first German patent 1929.GP 607, 420), which saw wider use only from the mid-1950s. [14] After the First World War, the first procedures for anodic oxidation and coloring of anodically oxidized aluminium were developed (1923, 1924.DRP. 413876).
The prevention and removal of surface dirt and corrosion products are some of the primary concerns of conservator-restorers when dealing with iron or steel objects, including nickel-iron meteorites. Conservation and restoration of iron and steel may begin with analysis of the environment that the objects will be stored and displayed in ...