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Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is a kidney disorder which is the leading cause of kidney transplant failure, [1] occurring months to years after the transplant. Symptoms and signs [ edit ]
Abnormal kidney function may cause too much or too little urine to be produced. The ability of the kidneys to filter protein is often measured, as urine albumin or urine protein levels, [2] measured either at a single instance or, because of variation throughout the day, as 24-hour urine tests. [citation needed]
The term "non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease" (NDD-CKD) is a designation used to encompass the status of those persons with an established CKD who do not yet require the life-supporting treatments for kidney failure known as kidney replacement therapy (RRT, including maintenance dialysis or kidney transplantation).
Normally proteins are too large to pass through the kidneys. However they are able to pass through when the glomeruli are damaged. This does not cause symptoms until extensive kidney damage has occurred, [23] after which symptoms include: Foamy or bubbly urine; Swelling in the hands, feet, abdomen, and face; Other symptoms include:
Kidney transplantation is generally considered a safe and effective treatment for end-stage kidney disease. However, like any surgery and medical procedure, it does carry certain risks and potential complications. Some of these risks include: Rejection: The body's immune system may recognize the transplanted kidney as foreign and attack it.
[10] [11] [12] The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3, [13] and the right is slightly lower. The right kidney sits just below the diaphragm and posterior to the liver. The left kidney sits below the diaphragm and posterior to the spleen. On top of each kidney is an adrenal gland.
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In terms of cause, almost any condition that involves ischemia can lead to renal papillary necrosis. A mnemonic for the causes of renal papillary necrosis is POSTCARDS: pyelonephritis, obstruction of the urogenital tract, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis, cirrhosis of the liver, analgesia/alcohol use disorder, renal vein thrombosis, diabetes mellitus, and systemic vasculitis. [3]