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There are two principal phases of underground mining: development mining and production mining. Development mining is composed of excavation almost entirely in (non-valuable) waste rock in order to gain access to the orebody. There are six steps in development mining: remove previously blasted material (muck out round), scaling (removing any unstable slabs of rock hanging from the roof and ...
In 1909, one of the worst mining disasters in US history occurred when a fire erupted at the St. Paul Coal Company's mine in Cherry, Illinois. It trapped over 200 miners underground. It trapped ...
An adit (from Latin aditus, entrance) [1] or stulm [2] is a horizontal or nearly horizontal passage to an underground mine. [3] Miners can use adits for access, drainage, [4] ventilation, and extracting minerals at the lowest convenient level. [1] Adits are also used to explore for mineral veins. [1]
In the United States, Consol Energy's Shoemaker Mine, covering a large area east of Benwood, West Virginia was the last underground coal mine to use rail haulage. Starting in 2006, 12 miles of underground conveyor belt and 2.5 miles of above ground conveyor belt were installed. The last load of coal was hauled by rail in January 2010.
The Hard Rock Miner's Handbook is a reference book that deals with the underground hard-rock mining industry. It was written by engineer Jack de la Vergne as a non-profit publication. [ 1 ] The first edition was published in 2000 by McIntosh Engineering, a mining engineering consulting company. [ 2 ]
Ancient Roman miners used double-sided hammers, broad sided pickaxes, [11] and picks that were usually made of iron. [12] [13] [14] Child laborers in ancient mines possibly carried baskets that were used to transport materials. [13] Another tool used by miners was the dolabra fossoria, which was capable of being used as a pickaxe or as a mattock.
A tipple is a structure used at a mine to load the extracted product (e.g., coal, ores) for transport, typically into railroad hopper cars. In the United States, tipples have been frequently associated with coal mines, but they have also been used for hard rock mining.
Underground construction has a number of unique risks and challenges but shares a lot with traditional construction and mining. Underground construction workers often work under reduced light condition, in dangerous spaces, and are at a high risk of exposure to contaminants, fire, and explosions.
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