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In organic chemistry, hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes (R−CH=O) from alkenes (R 2 C=CR 2). [1] [2] This chemical reaction entails the net addition of a formyl group (−CHO) and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond.
The structure illustrates terminal oxo, doubly-bridging oxo, triply bridging oxo, and six-fold bridging oxo ligands. A common reaction exhibited by metal-oxo compounds is olation, the condensation process that converts low molecular weight oxides to polymers with M-O-M linkages. Olation often begins with the deprotonation of a metal-hydroxo ...
An intermediate step of adding two aldehydes together to obtain a larger aldehyde (the aldol condensation reaction) can precede the hydrogenation. Long chain oxo-alcohols are often prepared using alpha-olefins from the Shell higher olefin process, to give secondary alcohols such as isodecyl alcohol. [2]
Since the 1950s, most 1-butanol is produced by the hydroformylation of propene (oxo process) to preferentially form the butyraldehyde n-butanal. Typical catalysts are based on cobalt and rhodium. Butyraldehyde is then hydrogenated to produce butanol. A second method for producing butanol involves the Reppe reaction of propylene with CO and ...
Metal carbonyls are used in a number of industrially important carbonylation reactions. In the oxo process, an alkene, hydrogen gas, and carbon monoxide react together with a catalyst (such as dicobalt octacarbonyl) to give aldehydes. Illustrative is the production of butyraldehyde from propylene: CH 3 CH=CH 2 + H 2 + CO → CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO
The Shell higher olefin process (SHOP) is a chemical process for the production of linear alpha olefins via ethylene oligomerization and olefin metathesis invented and exploited by Shell plc. [1] The olefin products are converted to fatty aldehydes and then to fatty alcohols , which are precursors to plasticizers and detergents .
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The formation of the oxo-dimer is a process called oxolation: [4] 2 [L n MOH] ⇌ L n M−O−ML n + H 2 O, where L = ligand. Ultimately olation and oxolation lead to metal oxides: 2 [M(H 2 O) 6] 3+ → M 2 O 3 + 9 H 2 O + 6 H + Olation and oxolation are responsible for the formation of many natural and synthetic materials.