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Six people attempted suicide by injecting e-liquid. [116] One adolescent attempted suicide by swallowing the e-liquid. [12] Three deaths were reported to have resulted from swallowing or injecting e-liquid containing nicotine. [116] An excessive amount of nicotine for an adult that is capable of being fatal is 0.5–1 mg/kg of body weight. [65]
E-liquid used in e-cigarettes have been found to be contaminated with fungi and bacteria. [31] Nicotine-containing e-liquids are extracted from tobacco that may contain impurities. [ 12 ] Tobacco-specific impurities such as cotinine, nicotine-N'-oxides ( cis and trans isomers), and beta-nornicotyrine are believed to be the result of bacterial ...
The mixture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes is called e-liquid. [36] E-liquid formulations vary widely. [30] [37] A typical e-liquid is composed of propylene glycol and glycerin (95%) and a combination of flavorings, nicotine, and other additives (5%). [38] [39] The flavorings may be natural, artificial, [37] or organic. [40]
E-liquid is the mixture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes [28] and usually contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavorings, additives, and differing amounts of contaminants. [29] E-liquid formulations greatly vary due to fast growth and changes in manufacturing designs of e-cigarettes. [15]
Liquid properties Standard enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o liquid: −460 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 166.9 J/(mol·K) Heat capacity, c p: 149.5 J/(mol·K) Gas properties Standard enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o gas: −3955.4 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o gas: 311.8 J/(mol·K) Heat capacity, c p: 78 J/(mol·K ...
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Nicotine is a hygroscopic, colorless [83] to yellow-brown, oily liquid, that is readily soluble in alcohol, ether or light petroleum. It is miscible with water in its neutral amine base form between 60 °C and 210 °C.