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Once activated Pitx2 will be locally expressed in the left lateral mesoderm, tubular heart, and early gut which leads to the asymmetrical development of organs and looping of the gut. When Pitx2 is deleted, the irregular morphogenesis of organs results on the left hand side. Pitx2 is left-laterally expressed controlling the morphology of the ...
Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between environmental and genetic factors. [2] [3] Studies have identified variants in several genes that may contribute to weight gain and body fat distribution, although only in a few cases are genes the primary cause of obesity.
Perilipin 4, also known as S3-12, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLIN4 gene on chromosome 19. [5] [6] It is highly expressed in white adipose tissue, with lower expression in heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. [7] PLIN4 coats lipid droplets in adipocytes to protect them from lipases.
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTO gene located on chromosome 16. As one homolog in the AlkB family proteins, it is the first messenger RNA (mRNA) demethylase that has been identified. [ 5 ]
A 2001 study of 13 people with a heterozygous frameshift mutation known as delta-G133 found that they had lower blood leptin levels than controls. There was an increased rate of obesity in these individuals, with 76% having a BMI of more than 30 compared to 26% in the control group. [89]
211986 Ensembl ENSG00000151353 ENSMUSG00000043061 UniProt Q96B42 Q3TUD9 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_152834 NM_001352680 NM_001352681 NM_172049 RefSeq (protein) NP_690047 NP_001339609 NP_001339610 NP_742046 Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 0.66 – 0.68 Mb Chr 12: 30.63 – 30.64 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Transmembrane protein 18 also known as TMEM18 is a protein which in humans is ...
Based on the immune system cells involved, both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in meta-inflammation. [8] There are different types of obesity depending on where fat cells are stored. Abdominal obesity, excess fat cell accumulation in adipose tissue of the abdomen, is associated more strongly with meta-inflammation. [9]
Specifically, central obesity (waistline adipose tissue) is the region of adipose tissue that contributes most to rising levels of serum resistin. [34] This is significant, considering the link between central obesity and insulin resistance, two marked peculiarities of T2DM. [9] [35]