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AL amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of abnormal antibody free light chains. The abnormal light chains are produced by monoclonal plasma cells, and, although AL amyloidosis can occur without diagnosis of another disorder, it is often associated with other plasma cell disorders, such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. [6]
Diagnosis of amyloidosis generally requires tissue biopsy. [2] The biopsy is assessed for evidence of characteristic amyloid deposits. The tissue is treated with various stains. The most useful stain in the diagnosis of amyloid is Congo red, which, combined with polarized light, makes the amyloid proteins appear apple-green on microscopy.
Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) are abnormal differences seen in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with Alzheimer's disease. ARIA is associated with anti-amyloid drugs, particularly human monoclonal antibodies such as aducanumab. [1] There are two types of ARIA: ARIA-E and ARIA-H.
Primary age-related tauopathy (PART) is a neuropathological designation introduced in 2014 to describe the neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) that are commonly observed in the brains of normally aged and cognitively impaired individuals that can occur independently of the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
CAA is associated with brain hemorrhages, particularly microhemorrhages.The accumulation of amyloid beta peptide deposits in the blood vessel walls results in damage of the blood vessels and hindrance of normal blood flow, making blood vessels more prone to bleeding [10] Since CAA can be caused by the same amyloid protein that is associated with Alzheimer's dementia, brain bleeds [11] are more ...
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease typically requires a microscopic analysis of plaques and tangles in brain tissue, usually at autopsy. [40] However, Aβ plaques (along with cerebral Aβ-amyloid angiopathy ) can be detected in the brains of living subjects by preparing radiolabeled agents that bind selectively to Aβ deposits in the brain ...
AA amyloidosis is a form of amyloidosis, a disease characterized by the abnormal deposition of fibers of insoluble protein in the extracellular space of various tissues and organs. In AA amyloidosis, the deposited protein is serum amyloid A protein (SAA), an acute-phase protein which is normally soluble and whose plasma concentration is highest ...
"FAP-IV" is also known as "Finnish-type", and involves gelsolin. [8] Fibrinogen, apolipoprotein A1, and lysozyme are associated with a closely related condition, familial visceral amyloidosis. Diagnosis is confirmed by blood tests, organ biopsies, and tissue biopsies. Genetic testing can also be used to confirm a mutation in the TTR gene ...