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There are more than 2,000 species of tiny (0.04 to 0.15 inches), wingless, blood-sucking fleas that live on the body of the host they infest. Although fleas cannot fly, they have developed ...
The foregut of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm; when the flea attempts to feed on an uninfected host, Y. pestis from the foregut is regurgitated into the wound, causing infection. The bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system, usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the Oriental rat flea ...
This species of flea is the primary vector for the transmission of Yersinia pestis, the organism responsible for bubonic plague in most plague epidemics in Asia, Africa, and South America. Both male and female fleas feed on blood and can transmit the infection. A child bitten by a flea infected with the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
For example, NAC reconstruction can apply to breast cancer patients who underwent a mastectomy, the surgical removal of a breast. [2] [3] NAC reconstruction can also be applied to patients with trauma, burn injuries, and congenital or pathological abnormalities in nipple development. [4] [5]
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
“Flea bites look like a miniature version of mosquito bites,” Dr. Horn says. The red or dark brown bumps are often clustered with three bites in a row within an area spanning several centimeters.
Being able to tell the difference between, say, a fleabite, a bed bug bite, and a mosquito bite can mean the difference between an infestation (fleas, bed bugs) and figuring out whether the ...
1977 – US FDA approves tamoxifen for metastatic breast cancer only, not widely popular as chemotherapy remains first line of treatment [27] [28] 1981 – American Dr. Bernard Fisher proves lumpectomy is as effective as mastectomy for breast cancer [4] 1989 – US FDA approves Carboplatin, a derivative of cisplatin, for chemotherapy [10]