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Hemoglobin F is found in fetal red blood cells, and is involved in transporting oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to organs and tissues in the fetus. It is produced at around 6 weeks of pregnancy [1] and the levels remain high after birth until the baby is roughly 2–4 months old. [2]
This is a major cause of HDN, because 75% of pregnancies result in some contact between fetal and maternal blood, and 15–50% of pregnancies have hemorrhages with the potential for immune sensitization. The amount of fetal blood needed to cause maternal sensitization depends on the individual's immune system and ranges from 0.1 mL to 30 mL. [5]
Hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and hemodiafiltration can be continuous [2] or intermittent and can use an arteriovenous route (in which blood leaves from an artery and returns via a vein) or a venovenous route (in which blood leaves from a vein and returns via a vein). This results in various types of RRT, as follows:
Bilirubin should be tested from cord blood. [5] Ferritin - because most infants affected by HDN have iron overload, ferritin levels must be measured before giving the infant any additional iron. [11] Newborn Screening Tests - Transfusion with donor blood during pregnancy or shortly after birth can affect the results of the Newborn Screening Tests.
Anemia is a condition in which blood has a lower-than-normal amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin. [1] Anemia in pregnancy is a decrease in the total red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood during pregnancy. Anemia is an extremely common condition in pregnancy world-wide, conferring a number of health risks to mother and child. [2]
Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureter, which are normal. [33] Progesterone causes vasodilatation and increased blood flow to the kidneys, and as a result glomerular filtration rate (GFR) commonly increases by 50%, returning to normal around 20 weeks postpartum. [22]
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the size of a fetal red blood cell is 1.22 times that of an adult red blood cell; the KB stain is known to have a mean success rate of 92% in detecting fetal red blood cells; in a woman at or near term in her pregnancy, the mean volume of maternal red blood cells is approximately 1800 ml; the mean fetal hematocrit is 50%; and