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Risk factors can be anesthetic (e.g., use of neuromuscular blockade drugs, use of intravenous anesthetics, technical/mechanical errors), surgical (e.g., cardiac surgery, trauma/emergency, C-sections), or patient-related (e.g., reduced cardiovascular reserve, history of substance use, history of awareness under anesthesia). [4]
Anesthetic risk factors include the use of volatile anesthetics, nitrous oxide (N 2 O), opioids, and longer duration of anesthesia. Patient factors that confer increased risk for PONV include female gender, obesity, age less than 16 years, past history of motion sickness or chemotherapy-induced nausea, high levels of preoperative anxiety, and ...
Sections to delete: awareness and recall (more precise definitions to be under mechanism/pathophysiology), experience (put under signs/symptoms and outcomes), conscious sedation and monitored anesthesia care (put under risk factors or have separate section about patient expectation), memory (condense under mechanism/pathophysiology), cognitive ...
The purpose of anesthesia can be distilled down to three basic goals or endpoints: [2]: 236 hypnosis (a temporary loss of consciousness and with it a loss of memory.In a pharmacological context, the word hypnosis usually has this technical meaning, in contrast to its more familiar lay or psychological meaning of an altered state of consciousness not necessarily caused by drugs—see hypnosis).
General anaesthesia (UK) or general anesthesia (US) is medically induced loss of consciousness that renders a patient unarousable even by painful stimuli. [5] It is achieved through medications, which can be injected or inhaled, often with an analgesic and neuromuscular blocking agent .
Anesthesia – pharmacologically induced and reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes or decreased sympathetic nervous system, or all simultaneously. This allows patients to undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience.
The allegations involved the Spark Driver Program operated by Bentonville, Arkansas-based Walmart in which gig economy workers signed up to make "last-mile" deliveries from Walmart stores nationwide.
The BIS monitor thus gives the anesthetist an indication of how "deep" under anesthesia the patient is. [6] Additionally, BIS values less than 40 for greater than 5 minutes have been associated with increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio of 3.23), MI (1.94) and death (1.41). [7]