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Many of these plants are used intentionally as psychoactive drugs, for medicinal, religious, and/or recreational purposes. Some have been used ritually as entheogens for millennia. [1] [2] The plants are listed according to the specific psychoactive chemical substances they contain; many contain multiple known psychoactive compounds.
Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record; Hallucinogenic fish; List of plants used for smoking; List of psychoactive substances and precursor chemicals derived from genetically modified organisms; List of psychoactive substances derived from artificial fungi biotransformation; List of substances used in rituals; Medicinal fungi
[citation needed] In addition, coca use in shamanic rituals is well documented wherever local native populations have cultivated the plant. For example, the Tairona people of Colombia's Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta use to chew the plant before engaging in extended meditation and prayer. [55] Cocoa: Theobroma cacao: Bean: Theobromine, small ...
Examples of psychoactive compounds of plant origin that do not contain nitrogen are tetrahydrocannabinol (a phytocannabinoid from Cannabis sativa) and salvinorin A (a diterpenoid from Salvia divinorum). Phytochemicals give plants their color, aroma and taste, and protect them from infectious diseases and predators.
A phonestheme (/ f oʊ ˈ n ɛ s θ iː m / foh-NESS-theem; [1] phonaestheme in British English) is a pattern of sounds systematically paired with a certain meaning in a language.The concept was proposed in 1930 by British linguist J. R. Firth, who coined the term from the Greek φωνή phone, "sound", and αἴσθημα aisthema, "perception" (from αίσθάνομαι aisthanomai, "I ...
Secondary metabolites and pigments may have therapeutic actions in humans, and can be refined to produce drugs; examples are quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove. [1] In Europe, apothecaries stocked herbal ingredients as traditional medicines.
Aphrodisiac. An aphrodisiac is a substance alleged to increase libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior. [1] [2] [3] These substances range from a variety of plants, spices, and foods to synthetic chemicals.
[78] [79] Serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor blockade with drugs like the semi-selective ketanserin and the non-selective risperidone can abolish the hallucinogenic effects of psychedelics in humans. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] However, studies with more selective serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor antagonists, like pimavanserin , are still needed.