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Rule 110 - most questions involving "can property X appear later" are undecidable. The problem of determining whether a quantum mechanical system has a spectral gap. [8] [9] Finding the capacity of an information-stable finite state machine channel. [10] In network coding, determining whether a network is solvable. [11] [12]
Random sample consensus (RANSAC) is an iterative method to estimate parameters of a mathematical model from a set of observed data that contains outliers, when outliers are to be accorded no influence [clarify] on the values of the estimates. Therefore, it also can be interpreted as an outlier detection method. [1]
where: A = argument strength/credibility; N = number of relevant sources supporting the argument; R = the reliability of the sources.; It's not really this simple. Each of the sources (call them S 1, etc.) has its own R value (R 1, etc., best expressed as a decimal value, where 0 is garbage and 1 is the most reliable source imaginable), so it would really need to be a recursive function to ...
This means that there is an algorithm N(n) that, given a natural number n, computes a true first-order logic statement about natural numbers, and that for all true statements, there is at least one n such that N(n) yields that statement. Now suppose we want to decide if the algorithm with representation a halts on input i.
These algorithms typically do not work well for larger read sets, as they do not easily reach a global optimum in the assembly, and do not perform well on read sets that contain repeat regions. [1] Early de novo sequence assemblers, such as SEQAID [ 2 ] (1984) and CAP [ 3 ] (1992), used greedy algorithms, such as overlap-layout-consensus (OLC ...
An example of a polynomial time binary consensus protocol that tolerates Byzantine failures is the Phase King algorithm by Garay and Berman. [14] The algorithm solves consensus in a synchronous message passing model with n processes and up to f failures, provided n > 4f. In the phase king algorithm, there are f + 1 phases, with 2 rounds per ...
To help with these questions, I spoke with CNN wellness expert Dr. Leana Wen. Wen is an emergency physician and clinical associate professor at George Washington University. She previously was ...
Generalized consensus explores the relationship between the operations of the replicated state machine and the consensus protocol that implements it. [16] The main discovery involves optimizations of Paxos when conflicting proposals could be applied in any order. i.e., when the proposed operations are commutative operations for the state ...