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Jain Tattvamimansa (revised and extended edition) – Ashok Prakashan Mandir, Varanasi, 1978; (third revised edition), – Siddhantacharya Pandit Phoolchandra Shastri Foundation, Roorkee, 1996. Varna, Jati Aur Dharma – Bhartiya Jnanpeeth, 1963; Jain Tatva Samiksha ka Samadhan – Pandit Todarmal Smarak Trust, Jaipur, 1987.
After this detailed description of Jivas the author proceeds to describe Ajivas—Pudgala, Dharma, adharma, Akasa and Kala, each of which is defined in verses 16–22. Among these, as per verse 23, the Jiva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, and akasa are called astikayas, the extensibles or conglomerates. [4]
In Jainism, the dharma (conduct or path) of the householder is distinguished from the conduct of an ascetic. [3] [4] Sravaka-dharma is the religious path for the virtuous householders, where charity and worship are the primary duties. The dharma of a householders consists of observance of twelve vows i.e. five minor vows and seven disciplinary ...
Jainism (/ ˈ dʒ eɪ n ɪ z əm / JAY-niz-əm), also known as Jain Dharma, [1] is an Indian religion.Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma), with the first in the current time cycle being Rishabhadeva, who lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha, whom historians date to the ...
Many relics depict Jain symbols, including standing nude male figures, images with serpent-heads, and the bull symbol of Vrshabadeva. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] It is speculated by some scholars that Jain traditions might go back even beyond the Indus Valley Civilization, and that Vardhamana , rather than being a "founder" per se, was simply a leader ...
Jainism (/ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm/), traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion. Jain dharma traces its spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-four leaders or tirthankaras, with the first in current time cycle being Lord Rishabhanatha, whom the Jain tradition holds to have lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third tirthankara Parshvanatha whom historians ...
Other than rejecting or accepting different ancient Jain texts, Digambaras and Śvetāmbara differ in other significant ways such as: Śvetāmbaras trace their practices and dress code to the teachings of Parshvanatha, the 23rd tirthankara, which they believe taught only Four restraints (a claim, scholars say are confirmed by the ancient Buddhist texts that discuss Jain monastic life).
Nathuram Premi – publisher and scholar of Jainism, founder of Hindi Granth Karyalay and Manikchandra Jain Granthamala, historian, researcher, social reformer and editor of Jain Mitra and Jain Hitaishi; Kanhaiyalal Sethia; Shivakotiacharya - 9th-10th century writer, is considered the author of didactic Kannada language Jain text Vaddaradhane