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The Boston Naming Test (BNT), introduced in 1983 by Edith Kaplan, Harold Goodglass and Sandra Weintraub, is a widely used neuropsychological assessment tool to measure confrontational word retrieval in individuals with aphasia or other language disturbance caused by stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or other dementing disorder. [1]
Aphasia, also known as dysphasia, [a] is an impairment in a person’s ability to comprehend or formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. [2] The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine, but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in the Global North. [3]
Middle cerebral artery syndrome is a condition whereby the blood supply from the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is restricted, leading to a reduction of the function of the portions of the brain supplied by that vessel: the lateral aspects of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, the corona radiata, globus pallidus, caudate and putamen.
Landau–Kleffner syndrome (LKS), also called infantile acquired aphasia, acquired epileptic aphasia, [1] or aphasia with convulsive disorder, is a rare neurological syndrome that develops during childhood. [2] It is named after William Landau and Frank Kleffner, who characterized it in 1957 with a diagnosis of six children. [3] [4]
With a hemorrhagic stroke, the patient often shows little improvement in the first few weeks and then has relatively rapid recovery until they stabilize. [1] In a study involving eight patients with border zone lesions, all patients presented with transcortical mixed aphasia initially after the stroke.
The most common cause of expressive aphasia is stroke. A stroke is caused by hypoperfusion (lack of oxygen) to an area of the brain, which is commonly caused by thrombosis or embolism. Some form of aphasia occurs in 34 to 38% of stroke patients. [23] Expressive aphasia occurs in approximately 12% of new cases of aphasia caused by stroke. [24]
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