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The velocity factor (VF), [1] also called wave propagation speed or velocity of propagation (VoP or ), [2] of a transmission medium is the ratio of the speed at which a wavefront (of an electromagnetic signal, a radio signal, a light pulse in an optical fibre or a change of the electrical voltage on a copper wire) passes through the medium, to the speed of light in vacuum.
However the approximate velocity factor for the major types of transmission lines is given in the table. Electrical length is widely used with a graphical aid called the Smith chart to solve transmission line calculations. A Smith chart has a scale around the circumference of the circular chart graduated in wavelengths and degrees, which ...
The speed at which energy or signals travel down a cable is actually the speed of the electromagnetic wave traveling along (guided by) the cable. I.e., a cable is a form of a waveguide. The propagation of the wave is affected by the interaction with the material(s) in and surrounding the cable, caused by the presence of electric charge carriers ...
Because the characteristic impedance of each transmission line segment , is often different from the impedance of the fourth, input cable (only shown as an arrow marked on the left side of the diagram above), the impedance transformation circle is off-centred along the axis of the Smith Chart whose impedance representation is usually normalized ...
The ratio of actual propagation speed to the speed of light is also called the velocity factor of the medium. The propagation delay of a physical link can be calculated by dividing the distance (the length of the medium) in meter by its propagation speed in m/s. Propagation time = Distance / propagation speed
Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced / ˈ k oʊ. æ k s /), is a type of electrical cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a concentric conducting shield, with the two separated by a dielectric (insulating material); many coaxial cables also have a protective outer sheath or jacket.
At a distance x into the line, there is current phasor I(x) traveling through each wire, and there is a voltage difference phasor V(x) between the wires (bottom voltage minus top voltage). If Z 0 {\displaystyle Z_{0}} is the characteristic impedance of the line, then V ( x ) / I ( x ) = Z 0 {\displaystyle V(x)/I(x)=Z_{0}} for a wave moving ...
The difference in electric potential across two points along a conducting wire carrying one ampere of constant current when the power dissipated between the points equals one watt. [ 32 ] = 1 V = 1 W/A = 1 kg⋅m 2 /(A⋅s 3 ) = 1 J/C