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Compared to their free-living relatives, deep-sea anglerfish symbiont genomes are reduced in size by 50%. Reductions in amino acid synthesis pathways and abilities to utilize diverse sugars are found. Nevertheless, genes involved in chemotaxis and motility that are thought to be useful only outside the host are retained in the genome.
A size comparison of a whale shark and a human. The cartilaginous fish are not directly related to the "bony fish," but are sometimes lumped together for simplicity in description. The largest living cartilaginous fish, of the order Orectolobiformes, is the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), of the world's tropical oceans.
The largest species in the family is Krøyer's deep sea angler fish (C. holboelli), with a standard length of no less than 85.5 cm (33.7 in), the free-swimming males have a standard length no greater than 0.2 cm (0.079 in) and the parasitic males can grow up to 14 cm (5.5 in). [7]
The average size of European anglers is 40–60 centimetres (16–24 in), with larger specimens exceeding this range. Precise ranges in body size tend to vary between different localities and populations. Average size also tends to increase with depth; populations living in deeper waters are larger-bodied overall than shallow-water ones. [12]
Krøyer's deep sea angler fish was first formally described in 1845 by the Danish zoologist Henrik Nikolai Krøyer with its type locality given as Southern Greenland. [3] When he described Ceratias holboelli Krøyer also proposed a new monospecific genus for his new species, meaning that this species is the type species of the genus Ceratias by monotypy. [4]
This likely also coincides with their colonization of deep-sea habitats. Prior to these radiations, ancestral ceratioids evolved extreme sexual size dimorphism and independently lost adaptive immune genes such as aicda, which allowed male anglerfishes to fuse with females, ultimately leading to the evolution of their sexual parasitism. [5]
Like other anglerfish, handfish have an illicium, which is a modified dorsal fin ray above the mouth that is short and not used as a fishing lure. Kiddle (the kid version of Google) states that ...
M. johnsonii inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones, and is found most commonly at depths between 200 and 1,500 metres (660 and 4,920 ft). [5] Compared to other species in the genus, M. johnsonii is more likely to be found at shallower depths; 65% of recorded specimens were collected at depths at or above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) below the surface of the water. [5]