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Earth's atmosphere photographed from the International Space Station.The orange and green line of airglow is at roughly the altitude of the Kármán line. [1]The Kármán line (or von Kármán line / v ɒ n ˈ k ɑːr m ɑː n /) [2] is a conventional definition of the edge of space.
Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).
Great Circle Map Interactive tool for plotting great circle routes on a sphere. Great Circle Mapper Interactive tool for plotting great circle routes. Great Circle Calculator deriving (initial) course and distance between two points. Great Circle Distance Graphical tool for drawing great circles over maps. Also shows distance and azimuth in a ...
Blue Marble's first software product, the Geographic Calculator, [2] was developed in 1992 and released in 1993. The Geographic Calculator is a coordinate conversion library with a database of coordinate mathematical objects including projections, coordinate systems, datums, ellipsoids, linear and angular units. The tool is primarily used to ...
The shortest distance along the surface of a sphere between two points on the surface is along the great-circle which contains the two points. The great-circle distance article gives the formula for calculating the shortest arch length on a sphere about the size of the Earth. That article includes an example of the calculation.
[Notes 5] In order to keep the result from being negative, Richter defined an earthquake with a maximum horizontal displacement of 1 μ m (which is also the highest accuracy and precision of the Wood Anderson torsion seismometer) recorded by the seismometer at the observation point at the epicentral distance of 100 km as a magnitude 0 ...
The foundations for quantitative map scaling goes back to ancient China with textual evidence that the idea of map scaling was understood by the second century BC. Ancient Chinese surveyors and cartographers had ample technical resources used to produce maps such as counting rods, carpenter's square's, plumb lines, compasses for drawing circles, and sighting tubes for measuring inclination.
Each of the 60 zones uses a transverse Mercator projection that can map a region of large north-south extent with low distortion. By using narrow zones of 6° of longitude (up to 668 km) in width, and reducing the scale factor along the central meridian to 0.9996 (a reduction of 1:2500), the amount of distortion is held below 1 part in 1,000 ...