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The word horizontal is derived from the Latin horizon, which derives from the Greek ὁρῐ́ζων, meaning 'separating' or 'marking a boundary'. [2] The word vertical is derived from the late Latin verticalis, which is from the same root as vertex, meaning 'highest point' or more literally the 'turning point' such as in a whirlpool.
Vertical – spanning the height of a body. Longitudinal – spanning the length of a body. Lateral – spanning the width of a body. The distinction between width and length may be unclear out of context. Adjacent – next to; Lineal – following along a given path. The shape of the path is not necessarily straight (compare to linear).
The image at the sagittal focus is a short line, oriented in the direction of the tangential plane; images of spokes radiating from the center are sharp at this focus. In between these two foci, a round but "blurry" image is formed. This is called the medial focus or circle of least confusion. This plane often represents the best compromise ...
Gender differences have been found with regards to vertical–horizontal illusions. Rasmjou's 1998 study found men to outperform women in perceiving the vertical–horizontal illusion. The results of this variation could be from hemispheric asymmetries, and/or biological differences between men's and women's brains. [9]
A "vertical" line has undefined or infinite slope (see below). If two points of a road have altitudes y 1 and y 2, the rise is the difference (y 2 − y 1) = Δy. Neglecting the Earth's curvature, if the two points have horizontal distance x 1 and x 2 from a fixed point, the run is (x 2 − x 1) = Δx. The slope between the two points is the ...
The lines often are printed with fine width and in light colour and such paper is sometimes called feint-ruled paper. Additional vertical lines may provide margins, act as tab stops or create a grid for plotting data; for example, graph paper (squared paper or grid paper) is divided into squares by horizontal and vertical lines.
The term alignment is used in both horizontal and vertical layouts to describe the line uniformity (straightness) of the rails. The horizontal alignment (or alinement in the United States) is done by using a predefined length of string line (such as 62-foot in the US and 20 meters in Australia [5]) to measure along the gauge side of the ...
Vertical and horizontal subspaces for the Möbius strip. The Möbius strip is a line bundle over the circle, and the circle can be pictured as the middle ring of the strip. At each point e {\displaystyle e} on the strip, the projection map projects it towards the middle ring, and the fiber is perpendicular to the middle ring.