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The symptoms of poisoning vary depending on substance, the quantity a dog has consumed, the breed and size of the mammal.A common list of symptoms are digestion problems, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or blood in stool; bruising and bleeding gums, nose, or inside the ear canal; behavioral changes, such as lethargy, hyperactivity, and seizures; unusual items found in the dog's stool.
The reason some dogs develop kidney failure following ingestion of grapes and raisins is not known. [3] Types of grapes involved include both seedless and seeded, store-bought and homegrown, and grape pressings from wineries. [4] A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but none has been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs. [5]
A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης mykes, "fungus" and τοξικός toxikos, "poisonous") [1] [2] is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi [3] [4] and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals.
Some articles have suggested the toxic level in dog food is 100–300 ppb and requires continuous exposure or consumption for a few weeks to months to develop aflatoxicosis. [39] No information is available to suggest that recovered dogs will later succumb to an aflatoxin-induced disease. Turkeys are extremely susceptible to aflatoxicosis.
Even if its toxicity in humans is rare, large doses of α-CPA have been seen to adversely affect animals such as mice, rats, chickens, pigs, dogs, and rabbits. [5] Cyclopiazonic acid's toxicity mirrors that of antipsychotic drugs when taken up these animals. [5] This mycotoxin has been extensively studied in mice to discern its toxic properties.
Incidence of Vitis fruit-induced clinical signs and acute kidney injury in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2022 Jun;63(6):447-453. doi: 10.1111/jsap.13483. Epub 2022 Feb 8.
The dog then causes further trauma to the skin by itching and rubbing at the area, leading to a secondary bacterial infection." Acute moist dermatitis: Symptoms.
When compared to other trichothecene mycotoxins which can form in grains and forages, vomitoxin is relatively mild. Reduced feed intake, with its accompanying decrease in performance, is the only symptom of vomitoxin toxicity livestock producers will likely encounter.