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  2. First pass effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_pass_effect

    First-pass metabolism may occur in the liver (for propranolol, lidocaine, clomethiazole, and nitroglycerin) or in the gut (for benzylpenicillin and insulin). [4] The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, [5] gastrointestinal wall enzymes, [6] [7] [8] bacterial enzymes [5] and hepatic enzymes.

  3. Hepatotoxicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity

    Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval. The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents.

  4. Lipotoxicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipotoxicity

    An excess of free fatty acids in liver cells plays a role in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). In the liver, it is the type of fatty acid, not the quantity, that determines the extent of the lipotoxic effects. In hepatocytes, the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids leads to apoptosis and liver damage. There ...

  5. Rhabdomyolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis

    The transaminases, enzymes abundant in both liver and muscle tissue, are also usually increased; this can lead to the condition being confused with acute liver injury, at least in the early stages. The incidence of actual acute liver injury is 25% in people with non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis; the mechanism for this is uncertain. [4]

  6. Hepatorenal syndrome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome

    HRS can affect individuals with cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis, or liver failure, and usually occurs when liver function deteriorates rapidly because of a sudden insult such as an infection, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, or overuse of diuretic medications. HRS is a relatively common complication of cirrhosis, occurring in 18% ...

  7. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathy

    ACM is a type of heart disease that occurs due to chronic alcohol consumption. The etiology of ACM is multifactorial, with a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors playing a role. [2] The direct toxic effects of alcohol on the heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) are considered the primary cause of ACM. [2]

  8. Ozempic reduces severity of liver disease in people with HIV ...

    www.aol.com/news/ozempic-reduces-severity-liver...

    (Reuters) -A weekly injection of semaglutide was safe and reduced the amount of fat in the liver by 31% in people with HIV and a type of liver disease, data from a mid-stage study funded by the ...

  9. Cardiotoxicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxicity

    Cardiotoxicity is the occurrence of heart dysfunction as electric or muscle damage, resulting in heart toxicity. [1] This can cause heart failure, arrhythmia, myocarditis, and cardiomyopathy in patients. [2] Some effects are reversible, while in others, permanent damage requiring further treatment may arise.