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Peak-to-peak amplitude (abbreviated p–p or PtP or PtoP) is the change between peak (highest amplitude value) and trough (lowest amplitude value, which can be negative). With appropriate circuitry, peak-to-peak amplitudes of electric oscillations can be measured by meters or by viewing the waveform on an oscilloscope .
In quantum mechanics, a probability amplitude is a complex number used for describing the behaviour of systems. The square of the modulus of this quantity represents a probability density . Probability amplitudes provide a relationship between the quantum state vector of a system and the results of observations of that system, a link was first ...
The complex constant, which depends on amplitude and phase, is known as a phasor, or complex amplitude, [4] [5] and (in older texts) sinor [6] or even complexor. [6] A common application is in the steady-state analysis of an electrical network powered by time varying current where all signals are assumed to be sinusoidal with a common frequency ...
The phase of a simple harmonic oscillation or sinusoidal signal is the value of in the following functions: = (+) = (+) = (+) where , , and are constant parameters called the amplitude, frequency, and phase of the sinusoid.
Sine waves of arbitrary phase and amplitude are called sinusoids and have the general form: [1] = (+) = (+) where: A {\displaystyle A} , amplitude , the peak deviation of the function from zero.
Here the coefficient A is the amplitude, x 0, y 0 is the center, and σ x, σ y are the x and y spreads of the blob. The figure on the right was created using A = 1, x 0 = 0, y 0 = 0, σ x = σ y = 1.
A square wave is a non-sinusoidal periodic waveform in which the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency between fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same duration at minimum and maximum. In an ideal square wave, the transitions between minimum and maximum are instantaneous.
In this type the derivative (slope) of the wave's amplitude (in sound waves the pressure, in electromagnetic waves, the current) is forced to zero at the boundary. So there is an amplitude maximum (antinode) at the boundary, the first node occurs a quarter wavelength from the end, and the other nodes are at half wavelength intervals from there: