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The oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds is performed exclusively by Bacteria and Archaea.All the Archaea involved in this process are aerobic and belong to the Order Sulfolobales, [20] [21] characterized by acidophiles (extremophiles that require low pHs to grow) and thermophiles (extremophiles that require high temperatures to grow).
In order to have sufficient redox potential, microorganisms that use sulfur as an electron donor often use oxygen or nitrate as terminal electron acceptors. [4] Members of the chemotrophic Acidithiobacillus genus are able to oxidize a vast range of reduced sulfur compounds, but are restricted to acidic environments. [ 5 ]
Sulfur can be found under several oxidation states in nature, mainly −2, −1, 0, +2 (apparent), +2.5 (apparent), +4, and +6. When two sulfur atoms are present in the same polyatomic oxyanion in an asymmetrical situation, i.e, each bound to different groups as in thiosulfate, the oxidation state calculated from the known oxidation state of accompanying atoms (H = +1, and O = −2) can be an ...
Piranha solution should always be prepared by adding hydrogen peroxide to sulfuric acid slowly, never in reverse order. [5] [6] This minimises the concentration of hydrogen peroxide during the mixing process, helping to reduce instantaneous heat generation and explosion risk. Mixing the solution is an extremely exothermic process.
One laboratory scale preparation of Caro's acid involves the combination of chlorosulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide: [6]. H 2 O 2 + ClSO 2 OH ⇌ H 2 SO 5 + HCl. Patents include more than one reaction for preparation of Caro's acid, usually as an intermediate for the production of potassium monopersulfate (PMPS), a bleaching and oxidizing agent.
Disulfurous acid, metabisulfurous acid or pyrosulfurous acid is an oxoacid of sulfur with the formula H 2 S 2 O 5. Its structure is HO−S(=O) 2 −S(=O)−OH. The salts of disulfurous acid are called disulfites or metabisulfites. Disulfurous acid is, like sulfurous acid (H 2 SO 3), a phantom acid, which does not exist in the free state. [2]
The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}} See also [ edit ]
Oxidation is the loss of electrons in a chemical reaction. [8] Most chemosynthetic bacteria form symbiotic associations with other small eukaryotes [9] The electrons that are released from hydrogen sulfide will provide the energy to sustain a proton gradient across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. This movement of protons will eventually ...