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Extremely high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in plasma enables bilirubin to cross the blood-brain-barrier to reach the brain and central nervous system to impart damage. This is termed kernicterus, or bilirubin encephalopathy. Kernicterus is rare in adults but is prevalent in newborns with underdeveloped blood-brain barriers and lower ...
Bilirubin (BR) (from the Latin for "red ") is a red-orange compound that occurs in the normcomponent of the straw-yellow color in urine. [3] Another breakdown product, stercobilin, causes the brown color of feces. Although bilirubin is usually found in animals rather than plants, at least one plant species, S, is known to contain the pigment. [4]
When total bilirubin levels exceed 40 μmol/L, bilirubin deposition at the sclera, skin, and mucous membranes will give these areas a yellow colour, thus it is called jaundice. [6] The increase in predominantly unconjugated bilirubin is due to overproduction, reduced hepatic uptake of the unconjugated bilirubin and reduced conjugation of bilirubin.
Hyperbilirubinemia may be observed when hemolysis produces too much bilirubin through the excessive breakdown of red blood cells, and the bilirubin builds up in the patient's blood and tissue fluids without proper excretion. [43] Untreated or inadequately treated hyperbilirubinemia will lead to other complications such as kernicterus. [12]
Rotor type hyperbilirubinemia is a distinct yet similar disorder to Dubin–Johnson syndrome [1] – both diseases cause an increase in conjugated bilirubin, but Rotor syndrome differs in that it is a result of impaired hepatocellular storage of conjugated bilirubin that leaks into plasma causing hyperbilirubinemia.
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. [3] [6] Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. [7]
This is attributed to jaundice, which is a common condition, especially in newborns, where bilirubin levels in the blood are elevated, leading to yellowing of the skin and eyes. The high prevalence of neonatal jaundice, which affects approximately 60% of full-term and 80% of preterm infants, necessitates frequent monitoring and accurate diagnosis.
People with GS predominantly have elevated unconjugated bilirubin, while conjugated bilirubin is usually within the normal range or is less than 20% of the total. Levels of bilirubin in GS patients are reported to be from 20 μM to 90 μM (1.2 to 5.3 mg/dl) [38] compared to the normal amount of < 20 μM. GS patients have a ratio of unconjugated ...