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A gender quota is a quota used by countries and parties to increase women's representation or substantive equality based on gender in legislatures. [1] Women are largely underrepresented in parliaments and account for a 26.9% average in parliaments globally. [2] As of November 2021, gender quotas have been adopted in 132 countries. [3]
Gender quotas have been argued to have a great impact in women’s representation. Countries with closed lists, some sort of proportional representation and gender quotas are a great terrain to foster women’s representation. [5] However, Brazil’s Senate does not have any of that in place.
The use of gender quotas as a mean of rectifying disproportionate gender representation on corporate boards has been controversial. Many studies have found gender quotas to be beneficial, including through its positive impact on the appointment of a female board chair and a female CEO. [74]
The study of the history of women's representation has been a major contribution in helping scholars view such concepts. Andrew Reynolds states: "historical experience often leads to gender advancement, and political liberalization enables women to mobilize within the public sphere". [54]
The purpose of implementing gender quotas, is to recruit women into political positions and to ensure that there is equal representation in policy [32] Gender quotas rule that women must constitute a certain number or percentage of a body of government. [32]
Although the zipper system rank-order rule requires a 50–50 split between women and men on party lists, it does not always translate to equality of representation in legislatures. [6] While parties are required to alternate between men and women, they often put a man in the first position on the list. [ 17 ]
According to Lawless and Fox, these political climates are vastly different due to their governing systems that rely on gender quotas and proportional representation. The electoral gender quotas are set at a minimum threshold for female candidates or elected officials, which can result from wanting to diversify the legislature.
Quotaism [1] [2] [3] is the concept of organizing society by a quota system, whether by racial, gender, language or another demographic attribute. Examples of quotas include gender quotas, racial quota, and reservations. The basic premise is to have demographics represented at all levels and aspects of the civilization according to national ...